Health directorate indicating cholera outbreak in the. In 1982, ghana recorded as many as 15,032 cases considered as the highest in a single year. Health division, ghana health service received a report from the greater accra regional health directorate indicating cholera outbreak in the accra metropolis. The current outbreak has been concentrated in periurban areas of lusaka, which have limited access to municipal water supplies or sewer systems, and where approximately 60% of lusakas. Most electronic documents such as software manuals, hardware manuals and ebooks come in the pdf portable document format file format. Polio is a crippling and potentially deadly disease that affects the nervous system. The disease can kill within hours if left untreated. The study adopted a health literacy framework that theorized the pathways between. Cholera outbreaks have occurred in burundi, rwanda, democratic republic of congo, tanzania, uganda, and kenya almost every year since 19771978, when the disease emerged in these countries. Two important vibrio cholerae serogroups 01 and 09 caused periodic epidemic and pandemic outbreaks. Luckily, there are lots of free and paid tools that can compress a pdf file in just a few easy steps.
Although the ancient greek physicians hippocrates 5th4th century bce and galen 2nd3rd century ce referred to an illness that may well have been cholera, and there are numerous hints that a cholera like malady has been well known in the fertile delta plains of the ganges. Boiling or chlorination of water was initiated based on our recommendations and this controlled the outbreak. Epidemiology of cholera outbreaks and socioeconomic. Outbreak of cholera in veagunga, bongo district of the upper. Because the virus lives in the feces poop of an infected person, people infected with the virus can spread it to others when they do not wash their hands well after defecating pooping. There is usually an outbreak of the disease during rainy seasons where floods wash away feaces into water bodies. It did not gain much notice because of being overshadowed by ebola news in nearby countries. The outbreak began in chitungwiza in mashonaland east province in august 2008, then spread throughout the country so that by december 2008, cases were being reported in all 10 provinces. The outbreaks are commonly found or discovered in informal slums residents. We carried out a descriptive cross sectional study to investigate the epidemiological link of the 2014 cholera outbreak in the greater accra region of ghana. However, during the week new outbreak was confirmed from wa in the upper west region. To combine pdf files into a single pdf document is easier than it looks. We would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. In 2011 and 2012 ghana had cholera epidemics combined that totaled 16,000 cases and deaths.
Cholera data and maps for ghana infectious disease dynamics. Declared in june 2014, the west and central african cholera outbreak as of january 25, 2015 claimed 1,683 registered deaths and over 91,361 reported cases with a reported case fatality rate cfr of 2% in 11 countries, which is 3 times more than in 20. However, evidence of the economic costs of the disease on the health system and affected households has not been fully documented. Dynamics of cholera epidemics from benin to mauritania plos. With the high number of campaigns and education on cholera, officials say it is baffling to see many people queueing for food sold at joints close to refuse dumps, filthy and open gutters. Cholera outbreak response cholera general cholera is a diarrhoeal disease caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium vibrio cholerae, either type o1 or o9. By october, 7,822 cases and 518 had been confirmed in the far north region. I paid for a pro membership specifically to enable this feature.
By simon utebor, yenagoa some residents of bayelsa state, particularly those living in yenagoa, the state capital, have expressed fears over the outbreak of cholera. Pdf economic evaluation of 2014 cholera outbreak in ghana. Situation report on cholera outbreak in ghana as of 15 march 2015 week 11 owner. Under 5 cholera cases above five cholera cases impact of cltsdrastic reduction in cholera, nyando district, kenya2008 2011 total cholera. On may 6th, 2010, suspect cholera cases were reported from the district of makary in the far north region of cameroon.
Find out how to file for bankruptcy while observing quarantine and social distancing rules during the covid19 outbreak. We conducted a molecular epidemiological study to detect virulence markers and antimicrobial resistance patterns of v. Cholera epidemic lusaka, zambia, october 2017may 2018 mmwr. Spatial and demographic patterns of cholera in ashanti.
The case fatality ratio is high in the sahelian area, equal or greater than 2%, especially in nigeria, chad, cameroon and niger. The country has concomitantly suffered seasonal cholera outbreaks that have impacted negatively on the populations health, as well as on the nations. Eam cholera outbreak affecting many young adultmales. Main outbreaks were reported in the region of mopti, tom bouctouand segoualong the niger river and in the region of. Filing bankruptcy during the coronavirus outbreak nolo. For example, during a cholera outbreak in several kenyan villages in 2008, active, communitybased casefinding showed much higher numbers of cases and deaths than reported. In parts of ghana, cholera is now endemic and the country experiences outbreaks about every 5 years.
In july 2014, the first cholera cases were reported in accra, ghana. Cholera outbreak investigation in the central african. Eighteen 18 cases with no death reported in greater accra. Dref final report emergency plan of action epoa ghana. Main outbreaks were reported in the region of mopti, tom. Dec 04, 2018 the yemen cholera outbreak has been driven by years of conflict and has now become the largest in epidemiologically recorded history with more than 1. Since 1970, the trend of cholera outbreak has changed, from the usual occurrence of one in every 4 6 years to a more frequent type, usually a protracted form of outbreak.
The agency said that the outbreak was centered in impoverished. I was not surprised when i read about the outbreak of cholera in some parts of accra. About 20% of those who are infected develop acute, watery diarrhoea 1020% of these individuals develop severe watery. Epidemiological link of a major cholera outbreak in greater accra. The 2008 zimbabwean cholera outbreak was an epidemic of cholera affecting much of zimbabwe from august 2008 until june 2009. The recorded history of cholera is relatively short and remarkable. Between 1999 and 2005, a total of 26,924 cases and 620 deaths were reported of. Report of cholera outbreak investigation, greater accra. Epidemiological link of a major cholera outbreak in greater. Dynamics of cholera outbreaks in great lakes region of.
Business opportunities for water and sanitation in ghana. Searching for a specific type of document on the internet is sometimes like looking for a needle in a haystack. Introduction to cholera, outbreak investigation, response to outbreaks, cholera treatment. By the end of january 2015 when the outbreak was finally contained, over 28, 000 cases with 243 deaths had been recorded in all 10 regions of ghana 14. Nearly every developing country faces cholera outbreaks or the risk of a cholera epidemic47, 52. As of 18 aug, 6,018 cases including 47 deaths case fatality rate of 0. The purpose of this study was to investigate the virulent factors of vibrio cholerae which caused an unprecedented large cholera outbreak in ghana in 2014 and progressed into 2015, affected 28,975 people with 243 deaths. In 2014, ghana together with nigeria and dr congo reported 83% of all cases in subsaharan africa 6. Cholera got into ghana in the 1970s 1, 2 and since has remained a serious public health problem in ghana and many parts of the african continent. Health division, ghana health service received a report from the greater accra regional.
Read on to find out just how to combine multiple pdf files on macos and windows 10. An ongoing cholera outbreak in ghana in 2014, hitting hard the capital accra, has claimed some 100 lives and over 11,000 cases by september. Highrisk cholera areas along the coastline are located on corridors where outbreaks spread from and to neighbouring countries togo, nigeria et le ghana tab. Cholera outbreaks in ghana over the years has become a seasonal outbreak.
Despite recurring outbreaks of cholera in ghana, very little has been reported on assessments of. Archived clinical isolates obtained from the 2012, 2014 and 2015 cholera. Use of vibrio cholerae vaccine in an outbreak in guinea. Studies which identify socioeconomic factors 810 are. On october 20, 2010, the first outbreak of cholera ever confirmed in haiti was recognized 10 months after the catastrophic earthquake that killed over 200,000 people and displaced over 1 million. The seventh cholera pandemic spread to guinea in 1970.
Evidence of cholera economic costs on affected households. The idea that cholera outbreaks can be tracked partly by looking at specific environmental conditions is relatively new. Depending on the type of scanner you have, you might only be able to scan one page of a document at a time. The cholera outbreak that started in june 2014 has protracted and spilled over to 2015. Regional update, 2015 week 20 cholera cases trend in wca, 2014 and 2015 week 20 hild en olleting aate. Cholera, epidemic, outbreak, sanitation, hygiene, ghana. The purpose of this cholera outbreak management guideline is, therefore, to enable all the health professionals and partners involved in health manage cholera outbreaks in standardized way. Since 1990, there have been large outbreaks in 19951996, 2000, 20032005 and 2011 fig. This means it can be viewed across multiple devices, regardless of the underlying operating system. Over the last two decades, the country reported an average of 3,066 range.
Since the notification of the first cholera case from sekia mote village, the outbreak has spread to five villages in the prefecture of lobaye, 7 villages in ombella mpoko district and six arrondissements subdivisions in the city of bangui. Cholera overview cholera was first reported in mali in 1970. From 2003 through 2007, cholera outbreaks were reported in the capital, conakry, and in the coastal zones during the rainy season july through september. Report of cholera outbreak investigation, greater accra region. Aug 23, 2014 cholera has killed at least 67 people in ghana since june and infected more than 5,000 others, the ghana health service said friday. Monguno, guzamala, dikwa, maiduguri metropolitan council, mafa and jere. The disease has been a public health burden in ghana since 1970 when the. By cara oneill, attorney dealing with the uncertainty of the covid19 pandemic is especially challenging for those who. Mapping the burden of cholera in subsaharan africa and. Agona east, central region ghana karaga district, northern region ghana. Economic burden of cholera in the who african region bmc. In that same year, ghana experienced its worst outbreak in three decades reporting 28,944 cases including 243 deaths coming only second to nigeria in infection rates 6, 7. Nov 21, 2014 ghana s cholera outbreak, officials say, is the worst in more than 30 years, with the country last suffering such a high number of casualties in 1982.
Examining health literacy on cholera in an endemic. An oversized pdf file can be hard to send through email and may not upload onto certain file managers. Highlights eighteen 18 cases with no death reported in greater accra region as compared to 25. The cholera outbreak was worsened as a result of the ongoing civil war and the saudi arabianled intervention in yemen against the houthi movement that began in march 2015. Country office ghana situation report on cholera outbreak. In june 2014, a cholera outbreak was reported in ghana. Once youve done it, youll be able to easily send the logos you create to clients, make them available for download, or attach them to emails in a fo. The case was a student of uds, wa campus who just arrived from accra. Response measures, challenges, and lessons learnt from the most recent cholera outbreak are critically assessed to determine how best this public health issue could be resolved. Epidemiological link of the 2014 cholera outbreak in the. If your scanner saves files as pdf portbale document format files, the potential exists to merge the individual files into one doc. This study, therefore, assesses health literacy on cholera and the association between health literacy competency and health outcome.
Jun 15, 2018 background ranked among the worlds dirtiest countries, ghana has poor environmental sanitation and hygiene, and a lack of potable water, all of which combined have been largely blamed as the underscoring reasons for cholera outbreaks. Please see additional file 1for translations of the ab. As of 21th september, 2014 the ongoing outbreak in the country has seen a further decline as compared to the previous week. It is nearly impossible to prevent cholera from being introduced into an area, but the spread of disease can be prevented through early detection, confirmation of cases, and a coordinated, timely, and effective response. Since the first reported outbreak in 1970, ghana has experienced many epidemics 2,3. Jul 10, 2020 cholera remains a major global public health threat and continuous emergence of new vibrio cholerae strains is of major concern.
Characterization of highly virulent multidrug resistant. Pages in category disease outbreaks in ghana the following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. The cholera outbreak that affected ghana since early june is still on the epidemic has affected 123 of the 216 districts in all 10 regions a cumulative. By michelle rae uy 24 january 2020 knowing how to combine pdf files isnt reserved. Pdf is a hugely popular format for documents simply because it is independent of the hardware or application used to create that file.
Almost every developing country faces cholera outbreaks or the threat of a cholera epidemic including ghana. In 2012, an outbreak of cholera affected 53 districts in nine regions in ghana with 9548 cases and 100 deaths and the case fatality rate cfr was 1. The cholera outbreak started in june 2014 and continued to 2015. Ghana had an unprecedented cholera outbreak in 2014, which progressed into 2015, affecting 28,975 people with 243 deaths. Oct 11, 2017 instituting interventions for the control of cholera mainly result from knowing the risk factors and the link between the index cases and this can curtail and prevent future outbreaks. Good hand washing practices can help prevent the spread of this disease. In 2014, more than two hundred people 2 died in a cholera epidemic which was the worst recorded in the country since 1982. In the 1960s, university of maryland biologist rita colwell made the discovery that vibrio cholerae bacteria can live in the guts of microscopic aquatic animals called copepods. We used a multiscale, geographic information systembased approach to assess the link between cholera outbreaks, climate, and environmental variables. In the united states, cholera occurs in persons who travel to foreign countries where outbreaks of cholera are occurring and who drink contaminated water and food there, or those who eat raw or undercooked seafood, including seafood from the gulf of mexico. This article explains what pdfs are, how to open one, all the different ways. Improving global access to water, sanitation and hygiene wash is a critical step to reducing africas cholera burden.
Nigeria, ghana and democratic republic of the congo being the most affected countries with ghana reporting its worst outbreak since 1982. The world health organization reports that there are 1. Accra, ghana represented the main cholera hotspot in the entire study. Assessment of the response to cholera outbreaks in two. The cameroon ministry of public health moph invited cdc and the world health organization who to provide technical assistance during the cholera epidemic. Country office ghana situation report on cholera outbreak in. Make sure to drink and use safe water to brush your teeth, wash and prepare food, and make ice. A pdf file is a portable document format file, developed by adobe systems. Drinking water from contaminated communitywide river was the major risk factors. The country is cholera endemic with several communities within cholera hotspots.
Ghana experienced its worst cholera outbreak in three decades in 2014. Toxigenic vibrio cholerae causes an acute diarrhoeal disease called cholera, which can lead to death within hours if left untreated. The cholera outbreak started in june 2014 and continued to. Please see additional file 1 for translations of the. Cholera, largely eliminated from industrialized countries by water and sewage treatment over a century ago, still remains a significant cause of illness and death in many african countries. This commentary aims to throw light on the menace of cholera in ghana and the need to curb the recurrence of outbreaks and bouts of this epidemic. The 2014 cholera outbreak can be described as a propagated source.
In january 2015 the greater accra region and volta region still reported cases of cholera while in the rest of ghana the outbreak was declared over. Economic evaluation of 2014 cholera outbreak in ghana. Between 2003 and 20, epidemiological surveillance reported 8,094 cases with 521 fatalities high case fatality rate. Pdf file or convert a pdf file to docx, jpg, or other file format. However, cholera outbreaks are still a serious problem in other parts of the world. Almost 50% of the cases occurred in the accra metro district. Distribution of cholera cases in ghana by region, 2014 during week 32 of 2015 03 09 august 2015, no cholera case was reported throughout the country and for that matter no. Since the beginning of the outbreak, cdc has worked closely with the haitian ministry of public health and population mspp to combat the cholera epidemic and reduce the impact of the disease. Making a pdf file of a logo is surprisingly easy and is essential for most web designers.
The periodic and seasonal outbreaks of cholera in ghana make the disease a vital health concern. Current cholera outbreak in ghana the current ongoing outbreak which started in early june 2014 in the accra metropolis with 6 cases and no death has rapidly escalated reaching alarming magnitude of 16,527 cases including 128 deaths case fatality rate of 0. Epidemiological link of a major cholera outbreak in. Zambias first cholera outbreak was reported during 19771978, and outbreaks with approximately 11,000 cases occurred in 1991, 1992, and 1999 5. Reports of cholera are trickling in and according to the director of health services in the greater accra region, over a hundred cases have already.
In 2015, a cumulative total of 434 cases with 4 deaths, a case fatality rate. The disease spread to all the 10 regions of ghana, reaching out of the 216 districts by the end of 2014 4. Pdf large cholera outbreak in brong ahafo region, ghana. Particularly, it should be noted that northern departements bordering niger can also be affected by cholera outbreaks spreading alongside the niger river. Further investigations showed that diseasecarrying copepods could lurk in the coastal ocean for. Despite the recurring cholera outbreaks in ghana, very little has been reported on assessments of outbreak response activities undertaken in affected areas. Villages affected by the cholera outbreak in the central african republic in sept. This study therefore sought to determine economic cost associated with recent outbreak. The outbreak which started in the greater accra region in week 24 with six cases reported an upsurge in week 29 with 251 cases. Doc preventing cholera outbreaks in endemic communities. Krowor, ada east and tema metro refer to additional file 1. Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by certain strains of the bacterium vibrio cholerae who gets cholera.
This cholera outbreak was the worst in recent history with over 820,000 cases and nearly 10,000 deaths 1, 2. Addressing the cholera epidemic resource centre network ghana. In ghana, the floods in a a as of june 4 in ease the isk of holea o uen e hen e the need fo geate igilan e. To prevent cyclical cholera outbreaks in ghana, this commentary discusses the associated problems and makes recommendations to solve them. Cholera outbreaks can spread rapidly, cause many deaths, and quickly become a serious public health issue. Ghana recorded its worst outbreak of cholera in 2014 with eight out of its 10 regions being affected. This study therefore sought to determine economic cost associated with recent outbreak the disease. A molecular and epidemiological study of vibrio cholerae. Research on cholera in ghana has focused more on epidemiology of outbreaks and little emphasis on economic costs. If your pdf reader is displaying an error instead of opening a pdf file, chances are that the file is c. A suspected cholera case was defined as any person of any age presenting with acute watery.
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